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Floating substructures, e.g. floating offshore platforms, have been widely constructed from steel, as steel’s survivability in the marine environment is well-understood from its use in fixed-foundation offshore wind. Still, recent discussions in industry have suggested a shift towards using concrete due to its lower manufacturing costs, lower carbon footprint and better cost stability.

However, a lack of confidence in using concrete floating structures in a marine environment, particularly their structural performance under fatigue loading, has led to exacting design requirements to ensure their water tightness and durability, leading to excessive thickness that hinders their floatability.